The Fascinating History of Windows
The history of windows in homes is a fascinating journey that spans thousands of years. Although it isn’t necessary to know the entire history of windows before you purchase some, how modern windows came to be, is a story of different civilisations and technological advancements.
What were the first windows made of?
The concept of windows in homes can be traced back to ancient civilisations. Before we covered windows in anything near transparent, they were just small holes in dwellings. Holes would allow inhabitants to keep track of the sun’s journey across the sky, let fresh air in and bad smells out. It always meant people could look outside without having to go outside. The holes would have a covering to keep bad weather out.
The next innovation were windows made with paper or animal hide used to allow light into homes while offering some protection from the elements. These early windows were translucent but did not provide a clear view.
When did glass start appearing in windows?
In ancient Rome, around the 1st century CE, the Romans began using glass to create small, transparent windows. However, glass was a luxury material at the time, and its use was limited to the homes of the wealthy and influential. They brought their technology to the places they conquered and when their conquests ended, the secrets of glass making stayed behind.
The Middle Ages saw advancements in glass manufacturing techniques, and larger windows started appearing in European homes. Initially, these windows consisted of small pieces of glass held together by lead strips, forming what is known as leaded glass. At this point, glass windows were still very much confined to wealthy people and this included the church. Coloured glass was assembled using lead to make massive windows predominantly found in churches and cathedrals. At a time where most people couldn’t read and there were no schools, these impressive stained glass windows often depicted religious scenes that taught people about the bible.
There is evidence of a type of window called a mashrabiya dating back to the 12th century in Baghdad. A mashrabiya looks a bit like a balcony with wooden walls, but the walls were carved lattices and tiny holes that were highly decorative. The holes allowed people to look out but not be seen. They were protruding from the building so the wind would blow through the lattice and provide a nice cool breeze. Members of the house would put cool jars of water in the mashrabiya for the air to flow over, making a kind of air conditioning. These beautiful one-way windows can still be seen across the Middle East and North Africa regions.
Glass manufacturing improves and windows get bigger
By the 17th century, glass production techniques had improved, leading to larger, clearer glass panes. This allowed for more natural light to enter homes and improved visibility. However, glass windows were still relatively expensive, and their use remained primarily for the wealthy to show off.
During the 18th and 19th centuries, innovations and mass production led to cheaper prices of glass. This made windows more accessible to a wider range of people. Glass windows became more commonplace in homes across different social classes.
The 19th century also saw the emergence of various window designs and styles. More people could have ornate and decorative windows in their homes. It wasn’t until 1851 though that the Window Tax was repealed in the UK. From 1696, William III introduced a tax based on the amount of windows people had. Over the years, another barrier for poorer people, was due to their landlords not adding windows in the first place. In many cases, landlords boarded up windows to reduce the tax payments.
Progress, progress, progress
In 1843 engineer Henry Bessemer was working on developing safer car windows and pioneered the new standard for window manufacturing. This was called float glass and involved pouring molten glass onto molten tin. The two liquids do not mix but liquid tin is perfectly flat. This means glass could be produced flatter and bigger than before.
This paved the way for a drastic uptick of innovation in glass and window making. Before long we had double glazing and laminated glass.
By the 70’s and 80’s we had u-PVC frames and new shapes and colours were introduced. The way windows opened and closed were also changing with tilt/turn windows. Futhermore u-PVC versions of old style windows came onto the market. The amount of variety available grew and grew.
When did energy efficiency become important?
People have always strived to make windows energy efficient in a way. Often this was done by adding a second window or shutters to keep in the warmth.
In 2002, building regulations in the UK acknowledged the kind of energy efficiency we know today. They specified a particular thermal performance and ventilation requirements for fire safety. Energy efficiency windows have been improved on over the last few years and new regulations follow the advancements.
In 2023 we now have triple glazing and smart windows that can adjust their tint and transparency. Can you imagine how a Roman glass blower would react if they saw that?
The history of windows in homes showcases the evolution of human innovation. It demonstrates our desire to bring light, comfort, and beauty into our homes. If you’re looking for new windows, speak to our friendly team today.
